پایتون در 10 دقیقه
مقدمه مترجم :
پایتون در 10 دقیقه عنوان مطلبیه که دوست داشتم ترجمه کنم .تو این دوره زمانه که میشه تو 21 روز هر زبان برنامه نویسی رو یاد گرفت صد البته که پایتون خوش خط و خال با اون سادگی که داره 10 دقیقه هم از سرش زیاده :)
البته ناگفته نماند که برنامه نویس واقعی شدن زمان زیادی میبره و مایی که فقط سینتکس یه زبان برنامه نویسی رو یاد می گیریم و بعدش ادعای برنامه نویسی داریم رو برنامه نویس نمیگن .هنر برنامه نویس توی حل مسئله است .
در این مقاله هم فرض بر اینه که شما برنامه نویسی رو بلدی و اینجا فقط یه راهنمای کلی در باره زبان برنامه نویسی پایتونه.
خصوصیات :
پایتون یک زبان
strongly typed : یعنی اینکه هر متغیر دارای یک نوع خاص می باشد و شما نمی توانید روی دادهای غیر هم نوع عملیات خاصی انجام دهید به طور مثال 3+ "4" باعث خطا می شود.
dynamic type: شما یک متغیر را هر وقت که نیاز داشتید با یک رشته و دفعه بعد با یک داده عددی مقدار دهی می کنید و نوع متغیر به صورت اتوماتیک تغیر خواهد کرد.
case sensitive و شی گرا است.
به راهنمای نیاز دارید؟
help در مفسر پایتون همیشه دم دست حاظر است .شما هر وقت که نیاز داشتید بدانید که یک شی چه کاربردی دارد کافی است تایپ کنید(< help(<object
dir که تمام متد های یک شی را برای شما نمایش می دهد(< dir(<object
__doc__. در صورتی که برای کلاس توضیحاتی تعریف شده باشد شما می توانید این توضیحات را مشاهده نماید
<object>.__doc__
مثال :
>>> help(5)
Help on int object:
(etc etc)
>>> dir(5)
['__abs__', '__add__', ...]
>>> abs.__doc__
'abs(number) -> number
Return the absolute value of the argument.'
>>> myvar = 3
>>> myvar += 2
>>> myvar
5
>>> myvar -= 1
>>> myvar
4
"""This is a multiline comment.
The following lines concatenate the two strings."""
>>> mystring = "Hello"
>>> mystring += " world."
>>> print mystring
Hello world.
# This swaps the variables in one line(!).
# It doesn't violate strong typing because values aren't
# actually being assigned, but new objects are bound to
# the old names.
>>> sample = [1, ["another", "list"], ("a", "tuple")]
>>> mylist = ["List item 1", 2, 3.14]
>>> mylist[0] = "List item 1 again" # We're changing the item.
>>> mylist[-1] = 3.21 # Here, we refer to the last item.
>>> mydict = {"Key 1": "Value 1", 2: 3, "pi": 3.14}
>>> mydict["pi"] = 3.15 # This is how you change dictionary values.
>>> mytuple = (1, 2, 3)
>>> myfunction = len
>>> print myfunction(mylist)
3
>>> mylist = ["List item 1", 2, 3.14]
>>> print mylist[:]
['List item 1', 2, 3.1400000000000001]
>>> print mylist[0:2]
['List item 1', 2]
>>> print mylist[-3:-1]
['List item 1', 2]
>>> print mylist[1:]
[2, 3.14]
# Adding a third parameter, "step" will have Python step in
# N item increments, rather than 1.
# E.g., this will return the first item, then go to the third and
# return that (so, items 0 and 2 in 0-indexing).
>>> print mylist[::2]
['List item 1', 3.14]
>>>print
"Name: %s\
Number: %s\
String: %s"
%
(myclass.name,
3,
3
*
"-")
Name:
Poromenos
Number:
3
String:
---
strString
=
"""This is
a multiline
string."""
# WARNING: Watch out for the trailing s in "%(key)s".
>>>
print
"This %(verb)s a %(noun)s."
%
{"noun":
"test",
"verb":
"is"}
This
is
a
test.
>>> a=u"یونی کد"
>>> a
'یونی کد'
>>> #this test in pytnon 3
rangelist = range(10)
>>> print rangelist
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
for number in rangelist:
# Check if number is one of
# the numbers in the tuple.
if number in (3, 4, 7, 9):
# "Break" terminates a for without
# executing the "else" clause.
break
else:
# "Continue" starts the next iteration
# of the loop. It's rather useless here,
# as it's the last statement of the loop.
continue
else:
# The "else" clause is optional and is
# executed only if the loop didn't "break".
pass # Do nothing
if rangelist[1] == 2:
print "The second item (lists are 0-based) is 2"
elif rangelist[1] == 3:
print "The second item (lists are 0-based) is 3"
else:
print "Dunno"
while rangelist[1] == 1:
pass
# Same as def funcvar(x): return x + 1
funcvar = lambda x: x + 1
>>> print funcvar(1)
2
# an_int and a_string are optional, they have default values
# if one is not passed (2 and "A default string", respectively).
def passing_example(a_list, an_int=2, a_string="A default string"):
a_list.append("A new item")
an_int = 4
return a_list, an_int, a_string
>>> my_list = [1, 2, 3]
>>> my_int = 10
>>> print passing_example(my_list, my_int)
([1, 2, 3, 'A new item'], 4, "A default string")
>>> my_list
[1, 2, 3, 'A new item']
>>> my_int
10
class MyClass(object):
common = 10
def __init__(self):
self.myvariable = 3
def myfunction(self, arg1, arg2):
return self.myvariable
# This is the class instantiation
>>> classinstance = MyClass()
>>> classinstance.myfunction(1, 2)
3
# This variable is shared by all classes.
>>> classinstance2 = MyClass()
>>> classinstance.common
10
>>> classinstance2.common
10
# Note how we use the class name
# instead of the instance.
>>> MyClass.common = 30
>>> classinstance.common
30
>>> classinstance2.common
30
# This will not update the variable on the class,
# instead it will bind a new object to the old
# variable name.
>>> classinstance.common = 10
>>> classinstance.common
10
>>> classinstance2.common
30
>>> MyClass.common = 50
# This has not changed, because "common" is
# now an instance variable.
>>> classinstance.common
10
>>> classinstance2.common
50
# This class inherits from MyClass. The example
# class above inherits from "object", which makes
# it what's called a "new-style class".
# Multiple inheritance is declared as:
# class OtherClass(MyClass1, MyClass2, MyClassN)
class OtherClass(MyClass):
# The "self" argument is passed automatically
# and refers to the class instance, so you can set
# instance variables as above, but from inside the class.
def __init__(self, arg1):
self.myvariable = 3
print arg1
>>> classinstance = OtherClass("hello")
hello
>>> classinstance.myfunction(1, 2)
3
# This class doesn't have a .test member, but
# we can add one to the instance anyway. Note
# that this will only be a member of classinstance.
>>> classinstance.test = 10
>>> classinstance.test
10
def some_function():
try:
# Division by zero raises an exception
10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print "Oops, invalid."
else:
# Exception didn't occur, we're good.
pass
finally:
# This is executed after the code block is run
# and all exceptions have been handled, even
# if a new exception is raised while handling.
print "We're done with that."
>>> some_function()
Oops, invalid.
We're done with that.
import random
from time import clock
randomint = random.randint(1, 100)
>>> print randomint
64
import pickle
mylist = ["This", "is", 4, 13327]
# Open the file C:\\binary.dat for writing. The letter r before the
# filename string is used to prevent backslash escaping.
myfile = open(r"C:\\binary.dat", "w")
pickle.dump(mylist, myfile)
myfile.close()
myfile = open(r"C:\\text.txt", "w")
myfile.write("This is a sample string")
myfile.close()
myfile = open(r"C:\\text.txt")
>>> print myfile.read()
'This is a sample string'
myfile.close()
# Open the file for reading.
myfile = open(r"C:\\binary.dat")
loadedlist = pickle.load(myfile)
myfile.close()
>>> print loadedlist
['This', 'is', 4, 13327]
>>> lst1 = [1, 2, 3]
>>> lst2 = [3, 4, 5]
>>> print [x * y for x in lst1 for y in lst2]
[3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 9, 12, 15]
>>> print [x for x in lst1 if 4 > x > 1]
[2, 3]
# Check if an item has a specific property.
# "any" returns true if any item in the list is true.
>>> any([i % 3 for i in [3, 3, 4, 4, 3]])
True
# This is because 4 % 3 = 1, and 1 is true, so any()
# returns True.
# Check how many items have this property.
>>> sum(1 for i in [3, 3, 4, 4, 3] if i == 4)
2
>>> del lst1[0]
>>> print lst1
[2, 3]
>>> del lst1
number = 5
def myfunc():
# This will print 5.
print number
def anotherfunc():
# This raises an exception because the variable has not
# been bound before printing. Python knows that it an
# object will be bound to it later and creates a new, local
# object instead of accessing the global one.
print number
number = 3
def yetanotherfunc():
global number
# This will correctly change the global.
number = 3
jaleb buud mamnun